Computer Terminology Notes Set 6 (By Alphabet I to K) for Competitive Exams

Computer Terminology Notes Set 6 (By Alphabet I to K) 

I

IC (Integrated Circuit):

An Integrated Circuit is a small silicon semiconductor crystal, called a chip, containing the electronic components for the digital gates. The various gates are interconnected inside the chip to form the required circuit. The chip is mounted in a ceramic or plastic container, and connections are welded by thin soldered wires to external  pins to form the integrated circuit.

IDP (Integrated Data Processing):

Data processing by a system that coordinates a number of previously unconnected processes in order to improve overall efficiency by removing or eliminating redundant data entry or processing operations.

Input Devices:

Input devices are used for transferring data or commands entered by the user to the computer. Some common input devices are keyboard, mouse, light-pen and scanner.

Input/Output:

A general term for the techniques and media used to communicate with data processing equipment and for the data involved in these communications. Depending upon the context, the term may mean either "input and output" or "input or output".

Instruction:

A set of characters that specify an operation to be performed, and usually the value of locations of one or more of its operands. In this context, the team instruction is preferable to the teams command and order, which are sometimes used synonymously.

Interblocked Gap:

The distance on a magnetic tape between the end of one block and the beginning of the next. With in this distance, the tape can be stopped and brought up to the normal speed again. Since the tape speed is not constant when stopping, no reading or writing is permitted in the gap.

Internet:

The vast collections of inter-connected networks that use the TCP/IP protocol and that evolved from the ARPANET of the late 1960's and early 1970's. The Internet is a huge network of networks that links many of the world's scientific, research and educational networks, as well as a queering number of commercial networks. The Internet often referred to as "The Net ", was started in 1969 by the US Department of Defence and gradually grew to become the world's foremost network for scientific research. Today, it is much more than that. Most universities are connected to the Internet, as are many companies and most of the information services.

Intranet:

A private network for internal use only belonging to a company or organization that uses the same kinds of software and tools that are used for the internet.

ISP (Internet Service Provider):

An ISP is a company, which provides Internet access to users on a pay-per-use basis. An ISP can provide access to the Internet through dial-up service (ordinary telephone lines or ISDN); DSL leased lines or cable connection.

Interpreter:

Languages translator that converts source code to machine code and executes it immediately, statement by statement.

Item:

An arbitrary quantity of data that is treated as a unit. A record, in turn, is a collection of related items, while a file is a collection of related records. 

J:

JAVA:

JAVA is a network-oriented programming language invented by Sun Microsystems that is specifically designed for writing programmes that can be safely downloaded to one's computer through the internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to one's computer or files.

Job Scheduler:

Person within a computer installation who monitors computer work loads and makes sure that all resources and materials necessary for running jobs are available to people who need them.

K:

Key:

One or more  characters associated with a particular item or record and used to identify that item or record, especially in sorting collating operations. The key may or may not be attached to the record or item it identifies.

Key Board:

The keyboard is one of the most common input devices for computers, The layout of the keyboard is like that of the traditional typewriter, although there are some extra commands and function keys added to suit the special needs of a computer. At present, a keyboard suitable for windows operating system has 105 keys. The keyboard transmits data and instructions to be computer in the form of digital code. A computer can follow only binary electrical data.

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Note:- 

We Will Post Remaining Notes (By Alphabet L-Z) in Coming Sets

Previous Computer Terminology Notes by Alphabet:

• A-B
• C 
• D  
• E-F  
• G-H

Computer Terminology Notes Set 5 (By Alphabet G-H ) for Competitive Exams

Computer Terminology Notes Set 5 (By Alphabet G-H) for Competitive Exams

G

Gateway:

A special-purpose dedicated computer system for exchanging information across incompatible networks that use different protocols.

• MegaByte - 1024 kilobytes
• GigaByte - 1024 megabytes
• KiloByte - 1024 bytes

Generator:

A computer program designed to construct other programs for programming particular types of operations. For EX., reports programs generator. Based upon parameters supplied to it, the generator typically selects among various alternatives the most suitable method in performing the specified task, and adjusts the defects of the selected method to produce the program attached to the characteristics of the data to be handled by the generated program.

H:

Hacker:

A skilled computer programmer who breaks into secured computer systems.

Hard Copy:

A copy of computer's output printed on a paper.

Hard Disks:

As the capacity of floppy disk is simply limited and access of the information in the floppy disk is slow, much more storage is needed for many projects, including large customer lists, which have more storage room and allow quicker access to data than a floppy disk. More hard disks of today have capacity of many gigabytes. 

Hardware:

The electronic, magnetic and mechanical devices used in a computer, eg., CPU, Monitor, Mouse, Cables and Connectors. The term hardware refers to the components we can see and touch. The actions of the computer at any instant are determined by a program stored in the Computer's memory. We cannot see the program in memory; however, we can see and touch a listing of the program. When not in use, the program may exist as a series of magnetic spots on a disk pack.

Header Label:

A machine-readable record at the beginning of file, containing data, identifying the file and data used in control.

Hexadecimal:

A number system with a base of 16. The hexadecimal number system uses 16 digits; 0 through 9 and A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Hollerith Code:

A widely used code for representing alphanumeric data on punched cards named after Herman Hollerith, the originator of punched card tabulating. Each card column adds one character, and each decimal digit, letter and special character is represented by one, two or three holes punched into designated row positions of the columns.

Home Page:

When you access a web site, through your browser, the first screen or page of that website is called Home Page. This page usually contains hyperlinks to other pages within and outside that site. Home Page is just like the title page of a book.

HTML:

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. A "Markup Language" is a computer language that describes how a page should be formatted. All web browsers are able to understand and interpret this computer language. By adding HTML tags, one can create headlines, add colours, create lists, change fonts, add images and add links to other web sites.

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Note:-

We will Post Remaining Notes (By Alphabet I to Z) in Coming Sets

Other Computer Terminology Notes Sets:

• Computer Terminology Notes Sets 4
• Computer Terminology Notes Sets 3
• Computer Terminology Notes Sets 2
• Computer Terminology Notes Sets 1

Computer Terminology Notes Set 4 (By Alphabet E-F) for Competitive Exams

Computer Terminology Notes (By Alphabet E-F) for Competitive Exams

E

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code):

An 8-bit code that represents an extension of 6-bit "BCD" code that was widely used in computers of the first and second generations. EBCDIC can represent upto 256 distinct characters and it is the principle code used in many of the current computers.

Echo Check:

A check upon the accuracy of a data transfer operation in which the data received (Typically by an output device) is transmitted back to the source (Typically, a control unit) and compare with the regional data. An Echo check on an output operation usually can only verify that for example, the proper print hammers or punch pins were activated at the proper instants, it cannot ensure that the proper marks were actually received on the output medium.

E-commerce (or) E-Business:

Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce) (or) Electronic Business (E-Business), which operates through the internet, facilitates exchange of information, goods, services and payments with speed and efficiency irrespective of geographical location.

Electronic Journal:

A log file summarizing, in chronological sequence, the processing activities performed by a system. The file is maintained on magnetic storage media.

Electronic Spread Sheet:

Electronic spreadsheets can be visualized as sheets of electronic paper, which can spread, both horizontally and vertically. It has the main characteristics of re-calculating and depending values when an independent value is changed. The popular electronic spreadsheet packages available commercially are Lotus 123, Microsoft Excel etc.,

E-Mail (Electronic Mail):

Electronic Mail (e-Mail) is the use of a network to transmit text messages, memos and reports. Users can send a message to one or more individual users, to a predefined group, or to all users on the system. Messages, usually text are sent from one person to another via computer. E-mail can also be sent automatically to a large number of addresses (mailing list).

Executive Routine:

A routine designed to organized and regulated the flow of work in a computer system by initiating and controlling execution of programs. A principal component of most operating systems. Synonymous with supervisory routine.

F:

Field:

• A group of characters represent an item in one record. 
• A sub-division of a computer word or instruction, a group of bit positions within a instruction that holds an address.

File:

A file is simply a group of data. Applications and the data (used by the applications) are stored on the disk as files. The surface of a disk is divided magnetically into a series of concentric circles called "Tracks". Tracks are divided into series of smaller pieces called "sectors" collection of related records, wholly (but not necessarily) arranged in sequence according to key contained on each record. 

Note:- A record in turn is a collection of related items, An item is an arbitrary quantity of data that is treated as a unit. 

For Example: In process payroll processing, an employee's pay rate forms an item, a group of items relating to one employee forms a record, and the complete set of employee records forms a file.

Finger:

A software tool used to determined whether another user is logged onto the internet. It can also be used to find out the user's e-mail address.

File Maintenance:

The updating of a file to reflect the effects of periodic changes by adding altering data. Ex:- The addition of new programs to program library on magnetic tape.

File processing:

The periodic updating of master files to reflect the effect of current data, often transaction data contained in detail files. Ex:- A weekly payroll run updating the payroll master file.

Fixed Length Records:

A record that always contains the same number of characters Contrast with variable length record. The restrictions to a fixed length may be deliberate, in order to simplify and speed processing or it may be dictated by the characteristics of the equipment used.

Fixed Word Length:

Pertaining to machine word or operand that always has the same number of bits or characters. Most scientific computers are of the fixed word length type for maximum computational speeds, while many business oriented computers have variable word length to permit efficient handling of items and records of varying sizes. Some computers have both fixed and variable words. Contrast with variable word length.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol):

The file Transfer protocol, or simply FTP, is a tool that allows transfer of files between computers which, in most cases would be connected over the Internet. The computer that allows other computers to connect it is known as the host, remote server or simply server, and the computer that connects to it is referred to as the client.

Flops:

A measure used to evaluate computers in their ability to perform, a given number of floating point operations per second are referred to as FLOPS. The term mega flops is used to denote million flops and giga flops to denote billion flops.

Flowchart:

A diagram that shows, by means of symbols and interconnecting lines.

• The structure and general sequence of operations of a program 
• A system of processing (system of flow chart)

Font: 

A character set in a particular style and size of type, including all alphanumeric characters, punctuation marks and special symbols.

Foreground Communication:

Where the transmission or receipt of a message requires action by the operator of the terminal. This can mean setting up the machine to communicate, making contact with the third party sending or receiving the message and activating the terminal to perform that function.

FORTRAN (Formula Translation):

A procedure oriented language designed to facilitate the preparation of computer programs that perform mathematical computations.

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Note:- 

We Will Post Remaining Notes (By Alphabet G-Z) in Coming Sets

Check Below Links for Previous Sets:

• Computer Terminology Notes Set 1 (By Alphabet A-B)
• Computer Terminology Notes Set 2 (By Alphabet C)
• Computer Terminology Notes Set 3 (By Alphabet D)

Computer Terminology Notes Set 3(By Alphabet D) for Competitive Exams

Computer Terminology Notes (By Alphabet D) for Competitive Exams

D

Data Administration System:

The group within the technical support area responsible for defining data requirements within an organization and setting up controls or managing the data. 

Database:

A database is simply a collection of data put together to serve a particular requirement. An example of database is a card file kept in a school office that contains records of each student in a class - name, address, phone number, parents names, fees payment details etc.,

Data Communication:

The transmission of data between two or more separate physical sites through use of public and/or private communication channels or lines.

Data Control System:

The group within a computer installation responsible for meeting quality control standards for processing and for collecting input from and delivering output for computer users.

Data Dictionary:

A document listing and defining all items or processes represented in data flow diagrams or used within a system

Data Entry:

Any process of entering data into a computer. Usually as a job description, data entry means typing information into a database program.

Data Management System:

System software that supervises the handling of data required by programs during execution.

DBMS (Data Base Management System):

Software to manage and control data resources.

Debug:

To trance and eliminate mistakes in a program or fault in equipment.

Decision Table:

A table listing all the contingencies to be considered in description of a problem, together with the corresponding actions to be taken. Decision table permit complete decision making criteria to be expressed in a concise and logical format. They are sometimes used in place of flowcharts for problem definitions and documentation. Compilers have been written to convert decision tables into programs that can be execute by the computers.

Desk Checking:

A manual checking process in which representative data items, used for detecting errors in program logic, are traced through the program before the letter is checked on the computer.

Digital:

A representation of any quantity by binary numbers or codes.

Digitize:

The process of converting line, drawing, and picture to digital form by scanning the drawings and pictures with a device.

Direct Access Records:

A hardware unit that can read and write records from or to a file without processing all preceding records.

Direct Data Entry:

Entry of data directly into the computer through machine-readable source documents or through use of on-line terminals. Entry is a by-product of business transactions, without requiring manual transcription from original paper documents.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line):

DSL is an Asymmetric Digital Subscriber line modem technology that transports ordinary telephone lines, also known as "twisted copper pairs" into high-speed digital lines for "Instant Internet Access". This technology is providing the incredible growth of high-speed data communications and interactive nodes.

Directory (Folder):

The name of the file, the length of the file and the data and time of creation are stored in another reserved area on the disk called the directory (also called a folder). The directory is used by the system as a quick reference to what is stored on the disk.

Display Devices:

The display devices currently used with computers display text as well as graphics. A display device that displays both the text and graphic  is called a graphic display device. There are three categories of display screen technology

• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Projection Displays

Domain Name:

The "address" or URL of a particular web site. In http://www.guide4govtjobs.com, guide4govtjobs is the domain name.

Download:

Transfer of a computer file from another computer to one's own computer.

Downloading:

The process of sending a program or data from a large computer system to a smaller remote computer. When you have a web page into your bowser you are essentially downloading the paper from the remote host's server.

Dump:

To copy the contents  of a set of storage locations, usually from an internal storage device (such as core storage) to an external storage medium, (Such as magnetic tape, Compact Disk), and usually for diagnostic or return processes.

Dynamic Processing:

The technique of snapping jobs in and out of computer memory according to their priorities and the number of times slices allocated to each task.

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Important Links:

• Computer Terminology Notes Set 1 (By Alphabet A-B)
• Computer Terminology Notes Set 2 (By Alphabet C)
• Current Affairs: Success Story of Mars Orbiter Missions (MOM)

Computer Terminology Notes Set 2 (By Alphabet C) for Competitive Exams

Computer Terminology Notes (By Alphabet C) for Competitive Exams

C

C:

A high level programming language developed by Bell Telephone Company of USA in 1965. C is a compiled language. This means that the programs you write are translated by a program called a compiler, into executable machine-language-programs, which you can actually run.

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube):

A technical name for the picture tube (or screen) of a computer monitor or television. It uses cathode rays that strive the phosphor coatings on the screen to produce images.

CD- ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory):

A CD-ROM is plastic type identical to the type used to store music, except that data is stored on the CD instead. CD-ROM's are used to distribute software from the developer to the customer.

CD-R Drive:

Compact disk-recordable drive. With CD-R drive you can write information on a blank CD-ROM specially designed for this purpose.

Channel:

Magnetic track running along a length of tape that can be magnetized in bit pattern to represent data.

Chat Room:

A site on the World Wide Web where any number of computer users can type in message to each other (Chat) in real time. Chatting is an on-line conversation. These messages usually appear on an area of the screen next to the user's nickname/handle.

Chip:

A miniature electric package containing imprinted circuits and Components.

Cluster System:

A number of word processor or computer workstations which have been linked together in some form to share central resources such as storage, printers, telex access, etc...

COBOL ( Common Business Oriented Language):

A high level language developed in the late 1950's, that uses "Common English" instructions to the computer and is a popular mainframe language. It is a procedure-oriented language developed to facilitate the preparation and interchange of programs, which form business data processing functions.

Coding:

The process of translating a set of computer processing specifications into a formal language for execution by a computer. A set of coded instructions.

Command Driven System:

Describes the methods of operation adopted by a computer or word processor. Each function or facility is activated by a command keyed into the system. Compare this with a menu-driven system where the functions are activated by calling up a menu on the screen to identify each facility available. An example of a command is to key in "PRINT", which will activate the printer.

Compile:

To prepare a machine language program (or a program expressed in symbolic code) from a program written in another programming language (usually a procedure oriented language such as COBOL, BASIC, FORTRAN). The compilation process usually includes examining and making use of the overall structure of the program and/or generating more than one object program instruction for each source program statement.

Compiler:

A Computer program that compiles. Compilers are an important part of the basic software for most computers permitting the use of procedure-oriented languages, which can greatly reduce the human effort, required to prepare computer programs.

Compiler Languages (High-Level Languages or Third Generation Language):

Compiler languages are also know as high-level languages and procedural languages. They are procedure oriented viz., a business oriented language COBOL and a scientific application oriented language FORTRAN. They employ plain English and mathematical expressions. They are detached from the machine design and therefore the nomenclature "High-Level" languages. Since they are procedure oriented and detached from the machine design, instructions in these languages may be equivalent to more than one instruction in a machine language. An instruction in these languages is usually called a statement. Besides FORTRAN and COBOL there are several high-level languages such as BASIC, PASCAL and C etc.,

CAD ( Computer Aided Design):

A software used by architects, craftsmen, engineers and designers to visualize and manipulate the objects they are designing.

Computer Terminal:

A computer terminal generally combines input and output functions. It consists of a QWERTY keyboard for inputting information directly to the computer and either a printer or a Monitor Screen for displaying information from the computer.

Concurrent Processing:

The capability of a computer system to share memory among several programs and to execute the instructions provided by each during the same time frame.

Console:

A portion of a computer that is used for by operators or maintenance engineers for managing the resources of computer system.

Control Break:

Point during program processing at which some special processing event takes place. A control break is usually signalled by a  change in the value of a control field within a data record.

Conversational Program:

A program that permits a dialogue to take place between a user and a computer.

CR- Carriage Return:

This is the most important key on a computer or word processing keyboard. It is used to activate most of the functions on the system. It is usually identified by a reverse L-Symbol with an arrow on the end of the horizontal bar.

Cyberspace:

A term coined by William Cribson, in his fantasy novel to describe the "World" of computers and society that gathers around them. Cyberspace is now used to refer to the world of interconnected computer networks, ie., the Internet.

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Important Links:

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Computer Terminology Notes Set 1 for Upcoming Competitive Exams

Computer Terminology Notes(By Alphabet A - B) for Competitive Exams

Hi friends. Today we Publishing Computer Terminology Notes for IBPS, SBI, UPSC and Other Competitive Exams. We hope this Notes helpful in Upcoming Competitive Exams. Happy Reading....

A

ALU( Arithmetic Logic Unit):

The part of a computer's central processing unit, which performs arithmetic operations on integrals and operations. A separate floating-point unit handles floating-point operations.

Access Time:

The time interval between the instant when a computer or control unit calls for a transfer of data to or from a storage device and the instant when its operation is completed, is the access time. Thus, access time is the sum of the waiting time and transfer time.

Accumulator:

A storage area in memory used to develop totals of units or of amounts being compiled.

Alphanumeric Code:

Code that represents numbers, letters, punctuation marks and special characters.

Archive: 

To storage copies of computer program and data to search against loss in the event that the original materials are deleted or damaged. Archived files can be sent to disk or another computer.

ARPA NET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network):

A precursor to the Internet, developed in the late 1960's and early 1970's by the US Department of Defence as an experiment in Wide Area Networking (WAN) that would survive a nuclear war.

Auxiliary Storage:

Storage that supplement a computer's primary internal storage. In general auxiliary storage has a much larger capacity but a longer access time than the primary storage. Synonymous with mass storage. Same as secondary storage.

Audit Trails:

Means for identifying the actions taken in processing input data or in preparing an output. By the use of the audit trail, data on a source document can be traced to an output and an output can be traced back to the source items from which it was derived.

Asynchronous Communication:

Transmission system in which the speed of operation is not related to any frequency in the system to which it is connected.

B

Background Communication:

This means that while an operation is using a Computer terminal or word processor that machine can, at the same time, receive a message from another source and store it for later access.

Backup:

Pertains to equipment or procedures that are available for use in the event of failure or overloading of the normally used equipment or procedures. 

Bar Codes:

These are the vertical black lines we see on many goods. They are bar codes, because they comprise 'bars' of different thickness. Each bar represents some kind of information, such as the price of the product, etc. Bar codes are read by a laser reader, and many shops now use them as a point-of-sale transaction medium.

BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instructions Code):

A programming language developed in the mid 1960's as an easy-to-learn, easy-to-use language to teach students how to program. The language contains a limited set of powerful commands designed especially for use in a time-sharing environment.

Batch Processing:

A technique in which items to be processed are collected into groups (batched) to permit convenient and efficient processing.

Batch Total:

A sum of a set of an item in a batch of records, which is used to check the accuracy of operations involving the batch.

Browse:

To move through or surf the Internet or a Web Site in a World Wide Web browser. A user can point and click his way around. A browser is also used to explore the contents of files, or the list of files and subdirectories within a directory.

Bug:

A mistake in the design of a program or a computer system, or an equipment fault.

Bus:

The circuit wires used for transferring data between various components of a command system.

B2C (Business To Consumer):

In B2C sites, business use the Net for offering their products or services to consumers 24 hrs. a day from any part of the world. Business To Consumer portals are the most visible face of e-commerce.

B2B (Business To Business):

In this form of e-commerce, one business places orders for supplies/services with another business directly on the Net. Business To Business sites represent roughly 80% of total e-commerce transacted.

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Important Links:

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